The best time for collecting at Crystal Hill is in the late fall through spring. In spite of the elevation, about 5,200 feet, temperatures are too high for most daytime work during the summer.

Camping at the site is permitted but there is no wood or water. Winter temperatures can be severe and access may be barred during periods of heavy snow on the passes to the north and south.

Note that the E-W fence that passes over the crest of the hill appears to separate public from private property. Do not trespass to the North.
The main collecting areas are well defined by the numerous pits and rubble piles left by diggers over the years. The dirt and talus on the slopes of the hill contain many crystals weathered from the upper outcrops that may be recovered by sifting the soil and small rocks. The numerous cavities and pockets along veins contain the best crystals but are hard to find and require a great deal of effort to excavate. Open cavities in the silicified rocks along the base of the upper outcrops under the crest of the hill illustrate the nature of the crystallization.

Tools needed include heavy bars, sledges and wedges with the usual assortment of smaller implements for working pockets. Be sure to bring a whisk broom and a small shovel for moving surface dirt from outcrops. And please, pack it out! This location is very clean with hardly a cigarette butt or gum wrapper noted. Let’s keep it that way.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALS

The mountains east of Big Pine are made up of a complex of Paleozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are dramatically displayed along SR168. An interesting side trip to the Bristlecone Pine Preserve near the top of Westgard Pass is an option except during the winter months. Entering the Deep Springs valley from the south the Mesozoic granitic rocks that include Crystal Hill can be seen to the north and northwest. The Crystal Hill intrusive appears to be located near the contact between two types of granitic rocks and it has been intruded by a later phase of more mafic granodiorite. The hill is rich with fractures, veins and intrusive dikes and the upper part in particular has been veined and silicified by late-stage quartz. Crystal Hill has an anomalous E-W trend, again supporting the idea that it has been intruded along a contact between rocks of different intrusive stages.

Quartz is the predominant mineral in the veins and cavities with large amounts of late-stage calcite introduced in some areas. Iron oxides in the form of discoloration in the rocks or as small pseudomorphs after pyrite in pockets are present in the most productive areas.

Masses of a dark, earthy to hard material are found in  many pockets and appear to be associated with the formation of and, perhaps the degradation of calcite. Quartz crystals are simple prisms up to 8 inches long and are clear to milky and smoky colored. As in the photo below, many are stained with hematite.

Larger pockets are filled with interlocking crystals of quartz with terminations in open areas or, in some cases, imbedded in late calcite. Doubly terminated crystals are present but are uncommon. Quartz shards are often terminated in interesting, flat crystals and may have secondary, clear crystals attached. Calcite is rarely found as terminated crystals but large masses can be collected as clean cleavage-rhombs.

The calcite specimen shown here has typical crusted pocket materials attached.

The Crystal Hill quartz collecting location is in Inyo County near the small community of Deep Springs just west of State Route 168. It is some 25 miles east  from the community of Big Pine which is on Route 395 south of Bishop. The small farming community of Oasis is found about 11 miles to the north. The collecting site is clearly visible on the west side of the road as a relatively small hill with brownish color protruding east from the main mass of granitic rocks in the range of hills. It is about half a mile from the highway. Near the center of this bowl-like valley is a cattle guard with a gate and electric fence on the west. A dirt track follows the south side of the fence line about .3 miles to a fork where the access to the collecting area continues to the right following the fence another .3 miles to a parking area at the base of the hill.

Nearby collecting areas of interest are Crystal Ridge (quartz crystals) northeast of Independence and Gem Valley (amazonite, beryl, quartz) east of Lone Pine. Both are reasonably accessible and, as described, have great potential for an active collector. The writer has not yet visited either site.

Leaving the Sulphur area we drove a few miles to Rosebud Canyon and the Rabbit Hole Springs. Rosebud Canyon was placered by early prospectors and there is a small, currently inactive underground silver mine (Rosebud Mine) as well.  This mine has produced some excellent specimens of barite and a variety of silver minerals. Again, there are a number of trail markers with information from the journals of travelers in the wagon trains. Rabbit Hole Spring at the west end of the canyon was a welcome stop for the weary emigrants as they prepared to start the trek north across the Black Rock Desert.

Following the path of the emigrant trail from Rabbit Hole Spring to the Gerlach-Winnemucca road we turned west, stopping for a look at an area with reported trilobite fossils.  Directions were vague and we didn’t have time for prospecting so a bit of research will be needed before returning for another try. We hiked around the base of a granite intrusive, checking out some prominent veins of feldspar and quartz. They were barren with no associated openings or loose areas where one might find crystals.

Trego Hot Springs is near the road about 20 miles east of Gerlach. It consists of a series of pools and ‘tanks’ surrounded by cottonwood, willow and tamarisk trees with lush grasses and cattails in the wetter areas. It is truly an oasis in the desert and it attracts wildlife of all kinds. It is a popular spot for campers and bathers; one should be careful to not surprise anyone who has “forgotten” their bathing suit. The source of the warm water here is a series of wells drilled into artisian, geothermally heated groundwaters.                 

The crystal-clear pool pictured is about 85 degrees warm and has an 8 inch pipe in the center running about 20-30 gallons per minute.
The last stop of the day was at a small tungsten prospect high on the mountain overlooking the western Black Rock. The workings are in a fairly thin carbonate unit near the contact with a granite intrusive. The beds are very steeply dipping to overturned and show a typical development of garnet-diopside and marble skarn. There are a few boulders or outcrops showing rather large (to 10 inches) crystal sprays of clinozoisite but they are uncollecteble on the massive, tough blocks of skarn. Garnet is common in the skarn although crystals are indistinct.

As we headed down the trail to our truck we could see rain and snow showers to the north in the Granite Range. A brisk wind and cold sprinkles hurried us along as a train passed headed for the West Coast.

In the mid-1970’s I spent a good deal of time working on projects in Central and Southwestern Colorado. Among several areas of interest in the Gunnison area was an exploration project that incorporated much of the Italian Mountain intrusive complex, an area some 15 miles NE of Gunnison. This is one of the premier mineral collecting spots in the western US, one that has been recognized for the unusually fine specimens found there since it was first described by geologists in the 1870’s.

Later discovery of perhaps the only commercially significant North American deposit of gem-grade lazulite adds considerable interest. It is a place of sublime beauty that is seldom visited by mineral collectors because of it’s remoteness, elevation and lack of access for motorized vehicles.

Italian Mountain complex looking west from Italian Creek drainage

This writing will just introduce the reader to the area and the interesting geology and mineralogy there. There is a variety of literature available concerning the general area and the Italian Mountain complex itself. From the collectors point of view, the best reference is a fine article in The Mineralogical Record by Henry Truebe, (March-April, 1984).

Henry spent some time over a period of several years doing thesis work, mining specimens and evaluating the commercial potential for specimens in the area. He identifies and locates all of the significant species found there.

Italian Mountain is located between the Taylor River and Cement Creek drainages and is best approached from the east from a jeep trail that, starting just north of Taylor Reservoir, follows North Italian Creek to the area of the Star Mine in Star Basin. Several mines in this area produced small amounts of lead, zinc and silver from replacement ore bodies in limestone. The ponds in Star Basin are large enough to produce some fine trout for those interested in fishing. From Star Basin the trail turns south, rounding the east end of the long east-west trending ridge that separates Star Basin on the north from Stewart Basin to the south.

Stewart Basin with South Italian Mountain on left and Central Italian Mountain to right.
Vehicle is near the base of the trail that follows the east ridge to summit area.

American Flag Mountain forms a high North-South trending escarpment east of Stewart Basin. A foot trail from the south side of this ridge provides access from the ridge on the east flank of the main peak to the primary collecting area in a saddle at a contact zone just north of and below the 4,078 meter (13,380 foot) summit.

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Author on east ridge. Note colorful brown alteration of sedimentary rocks near summit and the lighter intrusive quartz monzonite porphry to the right.

Access from the head of Cement Creek follows a trail on the ridge northwest of the North Italian Mountain where the lazulite is found and skirts the peak of North Italian Mountain and approaches the summit of (Central) Italian mountain from the north across a talus slope. This is by far the most difficult access and the trail from the east is recommended. Note that the lazulite deposit is located on patented claims and is off limits to collecting without permission from the owners. Truebe located lazulite in several small occurrences around the main peak of Italian Mountain, but none proved to be of commercial interest.
The three peaks of the Italian Mountain intrusive complex are related to three intrusive ingneous stocks, the youngest of which is about 34 million years old and is usually described as a quartz-monzonite-porphyry (QMP). These rocks intrude Paleozoic sedimentary rocks that intrude limestones, dolomites, shales and quartzite. In these reactive rocks adjacent to the contacts with the QMP main stock and related intrusive dikes are developed skarn zones that contain the primary minerals of interest.

Steeply dipping beds of Leadville Limestone northeast of North Italian Mountain at the head of Cement Creek. The lazulite deposit is below and on a ridge to the left.

Italian Mountain summit from saddle to north. Note sedimentary beds and light-colored intrusive dikes and contact.

Looking north from peak to saddle collecting area. Note digging. Light-colored QMP talus and upper Cement Creek in background.

While there are some 80 mineral species described from the area, the most important and accessible to collectors are found in a relatively small area near the summit of Italian Mountain. These include vesuvianite (idocrase), garnet var. grossular, prenite, clinozoisite, epidote, diopside, chabazite and heulandite. Several pits have been opened on contact zones where these minerals have formed in skarns associated with intrusives and shaley sedimentary rocks of the Beldon formation. My favorite spot is in the saddle north of the main peak. Here the the west slope drops sharply some 500 meters to the Cement Creek valley and to the east is a near vertical drop of some 100 meters to a talus slope above Star Basin.

Ponds in Star Basin from saddle area north of main peak of Italian Mountain

In the 1970’s there were some remnant cables attached to the vertical cliffs below this area. Presumably they were used by some of Truebe’s crew to evaluate the contact zones on the cliff face. There are fine vesuvianite crystals here, up to 5-6 cm, although the best are those up to about 2.5 cm both on matrix and as floaters in collapsed pockets.

Vesuvianite, about 1cm, on grossularite-skarn matrix

Larger crystals, particularly those found near the east edge of the saddle area, tend to be corroded and may show unusual silky, fibrous vesuvianite surfaces. In addition, this is an area where there are gemmy grossularite crystals up to (rarely) 2cm.

Heulandite crystals to 3mm from saddle area.

A nice mineral collecting day trip from the Reno area is to the Nightingale Mining District, an area with many mines and interesting geology, flora and fauna. The area produced mostly tungsten with some by-products but has not been significantly active since the demand for the metal declined after the Korean War. There are a number of major mines with associated ruins as well as hundreds of smaller prospects. As with all such areas, approach any mining area with caution. Do not enter mine openings and remember that not all shafts and pits are fenced.

We approached Nightingale from the southwest from the south end of Pyramid Lake and the town of Nixon. Pyramid Lake is one of the largest and deepest desert lakes in the Great Basin; is is one of the remnants of the huge Lake Lahontan that covered thousands of square miles in northwestern Nevada several thousand years ago. From Nixon a gravel road trends north and east crossing a divide to the basin of Winnemucca (dry) Lake. This lake bed is long and narrow and parallels the Nightingale Mountains on the west. Our goal was the MGL mine, some 7 miles north of the main access road and a mile or two up into the mountains.

The road north passes some spectacular volcanic geology and excellent examples of ancient shorelines with associated tufa mounds. in several areas old beach deposits consist of hard, cemented gravels made up of black eroded igneous rocks that flank the basin in the area.

At the lower end of the canyon where the MGL Mine is located is the cement foundation of the processing plant where tungsten ores were concentrated. The ores were crushed and the heavier minerals containing tungsten were separated and concentrated during several stages of processing as they traveled down through the mill. Concentrates were hauled by truck to a railroad for transport to refining plants outside the area.

The road up the canyon required a bit of careful driving and would not be passable in wet weather. The ore chute or dump is located below the main mining operations. Open cuts in the tungsten bearing rocks can be seen above it. There are several adits (horizontal tunnels) that access the ore zones and allow the ores to be moved down and out to be loaded on trucks for the trip down-canyon to the mill.

The dumps around the ore chute and along the access roads contain many of the minerals that can be found in the open pits and tunnels. The MGL Mine is known for particularly fine specimens of large, brown andradite garnets as well as clinozoisite. Some of the best examples can be etched from calcite that fills some veins and pockets, protecting the crystals. Other minerals include pyrite, quartz, tremolite, copper secondary minerals and rare molybdenite.

Although the area is dry this time of year there are a variety of flowers and lots of lizards. Desert plume, Stanleya pinnata, is one of the more spectacular. Lizards like the black-collared, the western whiptail and the sagebrush lizard abound. It must have been a productive spring for them, because there were little lizards everywhere. It is amusing to see a 3-inch lizard on a 6-inch rock, protecting his territory with all of his bravado. The bigger lizards get to protect bigger rocks, and even graduate to a boulder if they are really assertive. And they run like the wind! Even the littlest ones will raise a small plume of dust as they dash down the road.

Returning to the main access road we again went northeast over a pass of about 6,000 feet in elevation to the site of the Nightingale Mines. Here are cement foundations and a metal stack and a large water tank that provided water for the milling operation. Most of the metal structures have been riddled by bullet holes and there is considerable trash left by campers. I have never thought of a water tank as a challenging target, but it must be.

The mining here was concentrated in a steeply-dipping sedimentary unit some 15 to 20 feet thick that has been metamorphosed by nearby and included granitic intrusives. The mining covers some half-mile of strike and has left large, open cuts and overhangs. Dumps contain a similar assortment of minerals as seen at the MGL Mine, but the rock is ‘tighter’ with less opportunity for good specimens where we checked.

Returning over Nightingale Pass we stopped at some smaller workings known as the Jay Bird Mine but found nothing of interest. The rest of the trip was uneventful. Pyramid Lake was calm and some the local white pelicans were having a meeting on the beach as we passed by. All in all a very good day.

In the mid-1970’s I spent some time working in SW Colorado in the La Plata Mountains near Durango. This area has produced significant gold (the Bessie G mine, for example, was active at that time) and has been investigated for its porphyry copper potential and uranium as well.

The Tomahawk Mine and basin are located above timberline in the western part of the complex. Rocks in the area include a variety of intrusives and metamorphosed sediments that form the high ridges and cliffs around the head of Tomahawk Creek. The Tomahawk mine produced gold in the last century. At the time I worked in the area there was still a very thin, rich vein containing visible gold accessible (if you were a skilled rock climber) on the cliff face at the creek near the mine ruins.

Above: Tomahawk Basin seen from high ridge to SE.

Below: Tomahawk Mine structures in 1975.

What passed for a road ended a few hundred yards west of the mine at a drill site located near a small intrusive complex. Talus from the high cliffs to the south of this intrusive contained scattered vugs that were mineralized with epidote, quartz, K-feldspar and rare fluorite. The fluorite crystals were simple octahedrons of a rich violet color. Their maximum size was about 2 mm.

I have always thought that it would be worthwhile to investigate the area for the source of the fluorite. Perhaps there are larger cavities and better crystals in the larger talus or lower cliff faces a few hundred feet up and to the south of the intrusive. Are there any of you energetic young collectors interested?

In the spring of 1988 we spent a month in Brazil. We were looking for the usual mineral and gemstone specimens, and wanted to stock up on quartz and things like spheres for the ‘crystal craze’ that was in high form then. Our primary purpose was more long-range, however. The previous year a friend of ours who lived in Sao Paulo had visited the states and had brought with him several faceted tourmalines from the Paraiba occurance. These were of the best tourquoise color and attracted a lot of attention as the area was little known at the time. He wanted a geological evaluation of the mines so we agreed to follow up and do a field check of the producing area. We all wanted to see if there was any possibility of acquiring either a source or ownership.
Arrangements were made to meet with one of the developers of the property. We traveled to Paraiba state to meet him, flying into Recife on the coast and then to Campina Grande where we met Hector. Hector was a well-to-do man by local standards, a road repair contractor, who had sold most of his business equipment in order to pursue mining the tourmalines at Paraiba. We met him at a hotel in a small town where we looked at bags of stones, mostly small fragments of crystals with mixed quality and color and with none of specimen quality. In the morning Hector took us further into the ‘wilds’ stopping to show us a home he was building for his family. It was very basic by our standards, cement floors and walls, one water source and a bathroom separated from the house. We drove in a small jeep some 25-30 Km, over dirt tracks that would have been impassable in wet weather. At one point he leaned on the horn in the middle of nowhere and we all wondered why. As we crested a small hill, there was a gate across the road and a small boy was pushing it open. Our driver slowed, but never stopped, and handed the boy a bill, maybe 50 cents, that would make his week.

We arrived at the mines and the small village of Sao Jose da Batalha. It was a typical one street village, with mostly stone or cement homes with red tile roofs and large window openings with no glass or screens. Goats and pigs and a variety of dogs made themselves at home just about everywhere, including inside some of the homes.

The mines all followed a very clear structure that crossed a hill, probably covering 40-50 acres. From the crest of the hill the structure could be seen in the distance revealed by the white waste rock around pits and trenches in the associated pegmatite. According to Hector, there were more locations for gemstones on the structure, but none had the color of those at the site we were evaluating. On the hill there were large trenches and open cuts, some clearly quite old. These showed areas with wonderfully colored, zoned pink and tourquoise tourmalines in matrix. Fine specimens but not the gem crystals we were looking for. As I recall, there were some very active wasps in the area as well. To compliment the wasps there were some attractive but toxic caterpillars on the bushes. Teri approached one of them and was warned the she would have ‘24 hours of pain’ if she touched it.

There were two active workings on the hill at that time. One, a vertical shaft, was producing very little. The miners offered me a tour but after looking over the way they maneuvered down the shaft (20 meters deep) with only an old-looking rope attached to a flimsy tripod of sticks and what might have passed for steps in the walls, I declined. Twenty years ago I was much more agile and a lot lighter but still no match for those guys.

The second workings were more productive and had been open-cut but, following a rock slide, were contained in an adit designed to intercept the pegmatite under the previous surface openings. There was one miner working with very basic hand tools and progressing a few feet a week. Hector wanted enough money to get some drilling equipment and a diesel powered compressor to speed things up. Everyone agreed that the rare crystals of gem quality were “limpia, limpia” and as big as our fingers. Following the tour we retired to Hector’s town home where his mistress (he was a two family man) had prepared rice, beans and some sort of meat. We talked about the problems of obtaining mining rights as ‘outsiders’ and it really came down to trusting a local, Hector in this case, with a lot of money. It is a bit more complicated than that, but it became clear that inspite of the obvious potential, we would have a difficult time gaining a realistic controlling position there. Over the next few years many fine crystals and gem stones were produced from these mines. We never did find out if Hector was able to continue with his operations or if he was part of this success.
We returned to Campina Grande for the evening. After a nice meal and a stroll around the downtown shopping area, occasionally passing open-air coffin vendors with products displayed leaning against the store fronts, and returned to the hotel. We left for Recife and points south in the morning.

Steve Rose

In the early 1980’s development work at the Homestake Mining Company Mclaughlin Mine project at the junction of Napa, Lake and Yolo counties in California turned up some nice stibnite specimens. Drill core from some areas contained scattered stibnite in veins and vugs, and in one case, stout crystals up to 3-8 cm in a wide calcite vein. The best specimens from this period, however, were found when a bulk sample decline was sunk in a near-surface part of the ore body. This work was designed to sample an area of the silicified Knoxville formation mudstone, a significant gold host on the property. Numerous quartz-chalcedony veins in the workings contained stibnite in masses, radiating sprays and in small vugs. The best specimens showed bright, needle-like sprays up to 3 cm in open vugs lined with bright micro quartz.

The muck (bulk sample) piles provided lots of fine samples, sometimes in masses of radiating crystals up to several pounds. The exposed faces in the decline were great for finding vugs, but were dangerous and usually only accessable after a blast when the fumes were sure to cause a nice ‘nitro’ headache. A contract minor was severely injured by rockfall at the working face during this period.

There are still a few of these specimens around; there should have been a lot available from the pit as it progressed, but I only have a few remaining. One is pictured here.